Pompei, Necropoli del Fondo Azzolini.

Pompeii. Fondo Azzolini Necropolis.

 

About 500m from Porta Stabia towards Porta Nocera.

 

Bibliography

Berry, J., 2007. The Complete Pompeii. London, Thames & Hudson, (p.93-4)

Castell D., 2012. Funerary inscriptions in Pompeii: A study of the epitaphs of Pompeian freed slaves. Thesis, Lund University, III.7.

Cooley, A. and M.G.L., 2004. Pompeii: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge.

Gallo, A., 2006, in Polis. Studi interdisciplinari sul mondo antico, Volume 2. Roma: L’Erma. (p. 173).

Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1911, p. 106-111.

Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 287-309.

Stefani, G., 1998. Pompei oltre la vita: Nuove testimonianze dalle necropoli. SAP Exhibition Catalogue.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. 2014. Aerial view of site. Photo © Google Earth.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. 1911 location plan.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1911, p. 107.

According to Berry, in 1911 this necropolis was found about 500m from the Stabian Gate.

"It is thought the site was the burial ground of one particularly extended family, the Epidii.

There were 44 inhumation burials dating from the 4th to 2nd centuries BC, that is to before the Roman Period.

These burials were simple and often contained grave goods such as coins and jewellery.

The later Roman burials on this site, 119 in total, were all cremations.

This served to emphasise the changes that occurred in all areas of life - not just in politics and public building - after the Romans founded their colony at Pompeii.

Old local families, such as the Epidii, came to adopt the Roman funerary practices rather than hold on to their own traditions."

See Berry, J., 2007. The Complete Pompeii. London, Thames & Hudson, (p.93-4)

According to Stefani, rather inaccurate data provided by Della Corte led to an incorrect location that more careful investigations have finally been able to correct.

It's actually located in an area immediately south of Porta Nocera, adjoining the road from the gate out to the Sarno valley, and very close to the shrine of Fondo Iozzino.

See Gallo, A., 2006, in Polis. Studi interdisciplinari sul mondo antico, Volume 2. Roma: L’Erma. (p. 173).

See Stefani, G., 1998. Pompei oltre la vita: Nuove testimonianze dalle necropoli. SAP Exhibition Catalogue.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. 1916 Plan of tombs at Fondo Azzolini.

The 44 pre-Roman Samnite burials are shown in roman numerals from I to XLIV.

There were 119 Roman era tombs, 28 of which have a total of 32 inscriptions naming 32 deceased.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 287-309, fig. 1.

See Berry, J., 2007. The Complete Pompeii. London, Thames & Hudson, (p.93-4)

See Castell D., 2012. Funerary inscriptions in Pompeii: A study of the epitaphs of Pompeian freed slaves. Thesis, Lund University, III.7.

 

Samnite burials.

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb I.

This was found at a depth of 1m. below the year 79 level.

It was a box with masonry walls dressed with rustic plaster.

Close to the skeleton were four rustic unguentaria of yellowish terracotta.

One was at each hand and two were between the head and the left shoulder.

Between the head and the right shoulder two vials of red clay were found, only one was preserved.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1911, p. 108, fig. 3.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb I. Four rustic terracotta unguentaria and red clay vial.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1911, p. 108, fig. 3.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb II. 

This was made of 4 sloping tiles, under which was the skeleton of a young boy.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb III.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb III.

Ovoidal olla [pot], rustic, of brown-yellowish colour.

In the tomb were found four clay vases, situated to the left of the skull.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1911, p. 108, fig. 4.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb III.

Three of the four vases found to the left of the skull.

Left is a small single handled jug, found inside the olla.

Right is another similar single handled jug.

Centre is a krater covered in shiny black varnish, decorated with a row of white dots between two bands, all running round between the two handles.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1911, p. 110, fig. 5).

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini, Samnite Tomb III. 

A bronze coin of Neapolis was found, with the crowned head of Apollo. On the rear was an ox with the above inscription.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb IV.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb IV. Terracotta kylix in black glaze.

Found at a depth of 1 m between tombs II and III. The skeleton lay on the bare ground, protected by ten tiles, four on each side, forming two roof planes, and one for each end. Found between the feet of the skeleton: A terracotta kylix in black glaze, 0.10 m in diameter.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1911, p. 110, fig. 6.

Nine tombs had single coins found in them, but this tomb was one of only two that had two coins found in them. One was found in the right hand of the deceased. The second was found in the mouth of the deceased.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 295.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb IV.

Iron utensil found inside the terracotta kylix.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1911, p. 110-1, fig. 7.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb V.

 

In this tomb was found a terracotta lacrymatory.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 292.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb VI.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb VI. The photo above shows numerous objects found in the tomb.

b) Pot-bellied pitcher with vertical handles with lid (2):  height 0.20 m., and on the shoulder are the dark slats that are repeated on the lid; between the handles, from the shoulder, protrudes a cylindrical bell-shaped spout.

e) Black-painted kylix, 0.11m in diameter, in whose bottom are the remains of a floral meander before graffiti and then painted with small white leaves.

f) Rustic ovoid jar with short neck, height 0.09 m.

d) Rustic flask, height 0.085m., with a shapeless surplus of iron in the base.

a) Lekythos, oval vessel, high 0.20 m, short neck: On a yellow clay background a female head in profile to the left is painted in black, while the opposite side is a palm between two whorls.

g) Iron blade, length 0.13m., broken in two pieces.

h) Arc shaped bronze buckle, from a strap. Width 0.027m.

c) Small rustic jar in the form of a dolium, height 0.11m. 

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 292-3, fig. 3.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb VII.

 

This had the same vessels c, d, e as tomb VI, together with a black ointment jar “a retina nera” (Fig. 4, d);
c) Small rustic jar in the form of a dolium, height 0.11m. 

d) Rustic flask, height 0.085m., with a shapeless surplus of iron in the base.

e) Black-painted kylix, 0.11m in diameter, in whose bottom are the remains of a floral meander before graffiti and then painted with small white leaves.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 293.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb VIII.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb VIII.

Fragments of a bronze bracelet.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 291, fig. 2 (a).

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb IX.

 

In this tomb were two vases (as tomb VI types b and c) with a black-painted lamp (see d in photo above).
b) Pot-bellied pitcher with vertical handles with lid (2):  height 0.20 m., and on the shoulder are the dark slats that are repeated on the lid; between the handles, from the shoulder, protrudes a cylindrical bell shaped spout.

c) Small rustic jar in the form of a dolium, height 0.11m. 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 293, fig. 5d.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb X, room A.

 

According to Cooley almost all the pre-Roman tombs were non-monumental with only one (this tomb X) containing two small burial chambers preceded by a vestibule.

See Cooley, A. and M.G.L., 2004. Pompeii: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge, p. 138.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb X, room A.

Fragments of two iron strigils or a bronze bracelet.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 291, fig. 2 (b).

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XI.

 

No objects were found.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XII.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb XII. Vessels found in tomb.

In this tomb were two vessels, (as tomb VI types e and d) with a black glazed skyphos 0.09m high (as in Fig. 5, a), an ovoid ointment jar, 0.12 m high, and fragments of an iron strigil.
See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294, fig. 5a.

Nine tombs had single coins found in them but this tomb was one of only two that had two coins found in them. One was a bronze coin of Nuceria with the head of a youth and a greyhound running to the right and with an Oscan inscription. It was found in the mouth of the deceased.

The second was a small silver scifata (cup shaped) coin from Phistelia. It was found in one of the funerary vessels, an olpe (flask).

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 295.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XIII.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XIII.

A pair of earrings found in the tomb.

They consist of a circlet of silver wire in which are coloured glass beads.

Three beads remain in one earring and two in the other earring.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 291, fig. 2 (c).

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XIV.

 

A sole small terracotta bottle or phial was found.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 292.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XV.

 

No objects were found.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XVI.

 

In this tomb was a jar, (as tomb VI type d) a lamp without a handle, 0.086m long, reddish, a tiny
pyramid-foot cup, and an iron blade.

d) Rustic flask, height 0.085m., with a shapeless surplus of iron in the base.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XVII.

 

This tomb contained the remains of a dog.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XVIII.

 

In this tomb were a vase (as tomb VI type b) with an ointment jar and a bone button.
b) Pot-bellied pitcher with vertical handles with lid (2):  height 0.20 m., and on the shoulder are the dark slats that are repeated on the lid; between the handles, from the shoulder, protrudes a cylindrical bell-shaped spout.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XIX.

 

A sole small terracotta bottle or phial was found.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 292.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XX.

 

A single coin was found.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 292.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXI.

 

No objects were found.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXII.

 

Two small terracotta bottles or phials were found.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 292.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXIII.

 

In this tomb were a tiny cup with projecting spout, fragments of another small cup with horizontal handles each finishing in two horns, fragments of a large black painted bowl, a lamp and fragments of four rustic perfume jars with high feet, a small bone plate with concentric circles in relief. 
See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294.

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXIV.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXIV. Engraved griffin in a bronze ring.

In this tomb were found vases (as tomb VI type c and d), with a skyphos and a bronze ring with the engraving of a griffin in the setting.
See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294, fig. 6.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXV.

 

A glass bottle or phial was found.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 292.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXVI.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXVI. Wine jug with black paint and fluted body (Fig. 5, b),

In the grave was a vase (as tomb VI type c) in two examples, a wine jug with black paint and fluted body (Fig. 5, b), and, with a skyphos, two bottles and a clay cup.
See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294, fig. 5, b.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXVII.

 

No objects were found.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXVIII.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXVIII. Lekythos in black paint, height 0.10m, with a ribbed surface, Fig. 5, c.
In this tomb were vases (as tomb VI type c and d) and a lekythos in black paint, height 0.10m, with a ribbed surface, Fig. 5, c.
See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294, fig. 5, c.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXIX.

 

In this tomb were found vases (as tomb VI type c and e), and a figurative lekythos, height 0.13 m, on a black background, with on the front the usual female head in profile to the left, while on the rear is a large palm leaf with, in the spaces between, half palm leaves with bell-shaped flowers.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294.

A small bronze coin of Neapolis with the head of Apollo and a bull with a human face was found in the right hand of the deceased.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 295.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXX.

 

In the grave were, a big black glazed skyphos, height 0.26 m, vases (as tomb VI type d and e), a bronze ring, and a figurative lekythos 0.17m high, faded, with a black background on which is portrayed a slender figure of a nude woman bathing. A circular labrum has water dropping into it from a lion mask placed high on a wall.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXI.

 

A glass bottle and one of terracotta were found, together with a lid for a small terracotta amphora.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 292.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXII.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXII. One of the small balsamari bottles with black covering, as shown in fig. 4 d.

Two small balsamari bottles with black covering, and a terracotta wine jug were found.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 293, fig. 4.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXIII.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXIII. Only a terracotta lamp was found (“b” in the photo above).

The disc on this lamp showed two nude women bathing.

One (a servant) is pouring water from an amphora in the labrum.

The other, standing at the labrum itself, is in the act of washing.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 293, fig. 4 (b).

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXIV.

 

In the grave were vases (as tomb VI types b and c) with a black skyphos, a small glass amphora with white stripes on blue background (shattered), a silver ring and a spherical pot 0.06m. high, closed with lid (fig. 4, e), resembling very closely the jar b (fig. 3), except the spout that here is missing, carries on the shoulder, in black, a meandering wave, and black rods as much on the neck as on the lid.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXV.

 

In the grave were vases (as tomb VI types d and e), and a small rustic wine jug 0.20 m. high, and a small amphora jar with a funnel-shaped lip, 0.13 m. high.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXVI.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXVI. Perfume jar, Fig. 5, e.

in the grave were vases (as tomb VI types c and d), with a skyphos and a perfume jar, (Figure 5, e) and it bears, in black, rods on the neck and at the base and a meander wave on the shoulder.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 294-5, fig. 5, e.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXVII.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXVII. Fusiform (spindle shaped) perfume bottle, Fig. 4 c.

Two fusiform (spindle shaped) perfume bottles were found (“c” in the photo above).

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 292-3, fig. 4 (c).

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XXXVIII.

 

Found in the tomb were vases (as tomb VI types c and d), with an ovoid perfume jar, a lamp, and two terracotta weights, pyramidal, drilled at the top.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 295.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tombs XXXIX to XLII.

 

No objects were found.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XLIII.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XLIII. Oscan tile stamp.

No objects were found.

On top of a tile fragment from the tomb was this stamp recorded in Oscan letters.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 296, fig. 7.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Samnite Tomb XLIV.

 

No objects were found.

 

Roman cremations.

The 119 Roman cremations, with herms commemorating members of the Epidii family, are shown as 1 to 119.

28 tombs have a total of 32 inscriptions naming 32 deceased.

According to Della Corte, in the main part the inscriptions are incised on marble and red painted. Some are rustically incised on columella of Vesuvian stone, travertine or tufo. They provide a considerable contribution to the roll of Pompeian names.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 302-3.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 1. Terpnos.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 1. Herm of Terpnos.

Columella, Single burial. Burial of a slave.

In the tomb the herm was elevated from the middle of a low rectangular masonry enclosure, width 0.56m. by 0.87m.

Inscribed

TERPNOS

VIX AN VI

 

Terpnos

vix(it) an(nis) VI

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 299, fig. 14, p. 303, t1.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 1. Herm of Terpnos.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 1. Herm of Terpnos.

Terpnos

vixit annis VI

On display in exhibition “L’altra Pompei, vite comuni all’ombra del Vesuvio”.

Photo courtesy of Giuseppe Ciaramella.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 3.

 

A pelvis was found placed on a tile and then covered with a terracotta pot.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 4: Marcus Epidius Monimus.

 

Columella. Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

in the grave, on the sides of the Columella, stood two small walls which covered a single tile in horizontal plane.

 

M EPIDIUS

MONIMUS

VIX ANN XXX

 

M(arcus) Epidius

Monimus

vix(it) ann(is) XXX

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 299, p. 303, t4.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 5: Marcus Epidius Ampinomus.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 5: Marcus Epidius Ampinomus.

Columella with inscription

M EPIDIUS AM

PINOMUS

 

M(arcus) Epidius Ampinomus

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t5.

Photo © Umberto Soldovieri.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tombs t7a-c.

 

A masonry arch, on a podium 0.75m by 1.05m, protected three marble stele that corresponded to three urns buried therein.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 299-300.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 7a, Philetus.

 

Burial of a slave.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 7a, Philetus.

Columella with inscription

 

PHILETUS

 

Philetus

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 302, t7a.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 7b Livia Calliope.

 

Columella. Burial of a freeborn person.

 

LI VIA CAL LIOPE

V AN N XXX

 

Livia Calliope

v(ixit) ann(is) XXX

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 302, t7b.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 7c: Martiali.

Columella. Burial of a slave.

 

MARTIALI

 

Martiali

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 302, t7c.

 

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 10. Tomb with lead curse tablets.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 10.

Two lead curse tablets, width 0.08m by 0.05m were found near to the ground, in front of the uninscribed columella of the Tomb.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 304, fig. 15.

See Cooley, A. and M.G.L., 2004. Pompeii: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge. (p. 138).

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 10. March 2024. Lead curse tablets.

According to the exhibition information card this is a tablet with curses from a woman to a freedwoman? Female slave?

Photo courtesy of Giuseppe Ciaramella.

On display in exhibition in Palaestra entitled - “L’altra Pompei, vite comuni all’ombra del Vesuvio”

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 10.

Drawing and interpretation of the two lead curse tablets.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 304-5, fig. 16.

According to Cooley one damning a victim’s face, hair, brain, lungs and kidneys.

See Cooley, A. and M.G.L., 2004. Pompeii: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge. (p. 138).

 

According to Epigraphik-Datenbank Clauss/Slaby (See www.manfredclauss.de) these read

 

]ssun (h)oc prim[um 3]

P(hi)lematio Hostili facia[m 3]

capil(l)u(m) cerebru(m) flatus ren[es 3]

ut il(l)a<e=I> non suc(c)edat n[ec 3]

qui praec[3] odiu(m) v[3]

ut il(l)<e=IC> il(l)a<m=C> od<e=I>(r)i{a}t <q=C>(u)omo[do 3]

(h)aec nec agere ne(c) il(l)a<e=I>{c} [3]

qui(c)qua(m) agere pos(s)it ul(l)a [3]

E E pos P(hi)lematio Hosti[li]

 

[ // nec agere nec lin[gua nec]

ul(l)a(s) res pos(s)it pete[re]

quae ul(l)o (h)uma[no 3]

 <q=C>(u)omodo is eis desert[us]

il(l)a{ec} deserta sit cun(n)o

a(nte) d(iem) N(onum) <K=C>(alendas) N(ovembres) d<e=I>fi<x=CD>os a

dic il(l)a{ec} deser[ta 3]

[6]

[3]ida fiat [3]

dic il(l)ae [

 

Vestilia Hostili       [CIL IV 9251]

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 10. Drawing of reverse of the two lead curse tablets.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 305-6, fig. 17.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 13: Cornelia Helpis.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

The ashes were spread in the bottom of a rectangular pit, and protected with a double row of tiles forming a roof.

In the graves 13, 66, 104a, 108 and 109 the jars were in the subsoil covered with a solid masonry ballast, that guaranteed it permanently from the danger of possible dispersion, which could occur if a later deposit happened at that same point.

Columella with inscription.

 

CORNELIA

HELPIS V AN XXII

 

Cornelia

Helpis v(ixit) an(nis) XXII

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t13.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 20.

 

The ashes were spread in the bottom of a rectangular pit, and protected with a double row of tiles forming a roof.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 23: Liberalis

 

Single burial. Burial of a slave.

Columella with inscription

 

LIBERALIS

VIXIT XVII

ANNIS

 

Liberalis

vixit XVII

annis

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t23.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 27: Caius Naevius

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

Columella with inscription

 

C NAEVI M F MEN

A C I S C L

 

C(aius) Naevi(us) M(arci) f(ilius) Men

Aciscl

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t27.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 29.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 29. Tablet found placed in the urn in the tomb.

The tablet, consisting of a thin strip of lead 0.023 m wide, 0.08 m long, was in such advanced state of oxidation it did not allow the reading of a letter from the very short text, consisting perhaps of a simple name: in one of its edges is driven a large bronze nail.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 305-6, fig. 18.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 31.

 

Two jars, and not one, were found in graves 31, 40 and 46, overlapping or juxtaposed, which, according to Della Corte, may only represent one body.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 35: N Popidius Coclea.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

Columella with inscription.

 

N POPID(ius?)

COCLEA (= Cochlias?)

FILIO

 

N Popid(ius?)

coclea

filio

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t35.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 38: Greganius Hymenaeus

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 38: cippus of L. Greganius Hymenaeus.

On display in exhibition “L’altra Pompei, vite comuni all’ombra del Vesuvio”.

Photo courtesy of Giuseppe Ciaramella.

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

Columella with inscription.

 

L GEGANI

VS HYME

NAEUS

 

Greganius

Hymenaeus

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t38.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 40.

 

Two jars, and not one, were found in graves 31, 40 and 46, overlapping or juxtaposed, which, according to Della Corte, may only represent one body.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 42: Felix.

 

Single burial. Burial of a slave.

Columella with inscription.

 

FELIX

VIXIT ANIII

II

 

Felix

vixit an(nis) III II

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t42.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 46.

 

Two jars, and not one, were found in graves 31, 40 and 46, overlapping or juxtaposed, which, according to Della Corte, may only represent one body.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 49: Valeriae Pothine.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 49: Valeriae Pothine.

On display in exhibition “L’altra Pompei, vite comuni all’ombra del Vesuvio”.

Photo courtesy of Giuseppe Ciaramella.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

Columella with inscription.

 

VALERIAE

POTHINE

 

Valeriae

Pothine

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t42.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 64: Tertia.

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 64: Tertia.

Single burial. Burial of a slave.

Columella with inscription

 

TERTIA

 

Tertia

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 299, fig. 12, p. 303, t64.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 64: Tertia.

A female bust in tufa from Tomb 64.

Un busto muliebre in tufo del la tomba 64.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 299 and fig. 12.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 65: Mythus, freedman of Epidius Flaccus.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freedman.

Columella with inscription.

 

MYTHUS EPIDI

FLACCI LIB V A LXXV

 

Mythus Epidi

Flacci lib(ertus) v(ixit) a(nnis) LXXV

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t65.

 

According to Cooley this translates as

 

Mythus, freedman of Epidius Flaccus, lived 75 years.

 

See Cooley, A. and M.G.L., 2004. Pompeii: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge, p. 138, G1.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 66: Marcus Epidius Dioscourus.

The tomb consisted of a brick podium 1.28m. wide and 1.15m deep and elevated 0.40m from the ground, closed at the bottom and covered by a vault 1.10m high, which was crowned by a pediment resting on a simple moulded cornice. Over the white stucco coating the inner surface and the facade, facing west, were the following decorations.

 

Façade.

The plinth was painted with three marble faces (yellow-red), the one in the middle of the podium and the other side on piers; from each of the latter sprang a laurel plant with seven to eight branches, reaching up to the end of the cornice; on the front, a green garland attached to a nail (pictorially espressed) and falling in two short symmetrical drops.

 

Interior walls.

Simple dark-red or green bands, and yellow frames, each of the three sides was divided into rectangles horizontally arranged with a vertical square in the middle; in the lunette at the back was painted a peacock with tail elevated.

 

The vault

This was divided into a chequerboard, formed 49 squares (7 x 7) arranged in alternating series (dark red, yellow, light red) according to the diagonal, and bearing at the centre of each a stylized green flower. Leaning against the centre of the rear wall stood the marble stele of M. Epidio Dioscoro, on the right of which emerged in the podium the tube for libations. This consisted of, in the first section, a half, strong, terracotta suspensurae, height 0.50 m., conical body, walled in the foundations, and, in the second section, two adjacent roof tiles, height 0.55 m, which reached the six tiles covering the remains of the pyre. The latter were deposited over a bed of 1.45m X 0.60 m, at a depth of 1.50 m from the surface of the podium. Below the peacock painting an inscription was drawn in charcoal:

 

L AVROBPM

[L. Aur(elius) ob p. m. ?]

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 300-1.

 

Simple chamber tomb. Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

The ashes were spread in the bottom of a rectangular pit, and protected with a double row of tiles forming a roof.

In the graves 13, 66, 104a, 108 and 109 the jars were in the subsoil covered with a solid masonry ballast, that guaranteed it permanently from the danger of possible dispersion, which could occur if a later deposit happened at that same point.

Columella with inscription found inside the tomb.

 

M EPIDIUS

DIOSCORUS

 

M(arcus) Epidius

Dioscorus

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t66.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 69: Ianuaris.

 

Single burial. Burial of a slave.

Columella with inscription

 

IANUARIUS

VIX AN XXXV

 

Ianuaris

vix(it) an(nis) XXXV

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t69.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 81: Aulus Timetus.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 81: Aulus Timetus.

On display in exhibition “L’altra Pompei, vite comuni all’ombra del Vesuvio”.

Photo courtesy of Giuseppe Ciaramella.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

Columella with inscription

 

ATIMETUS

V ANN XI

URBANAE

MATRI

CHRYSEROS

FECIT PATER

PESUS COSUI (?)

 

A(ulus) Timetus

v(ixit) ann(is) XI

urbanae

matri

chryseros

fecit pater

pesus cosui

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t81.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 90.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 90. Iron blade found in grave.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297, fig. 9.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 90.

Glass bottle melted by fire, found in grave.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297, fig. 9.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 92.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 92. Circular lamp with a hare in flight shown in relief, Fig 4, a.

In this tomb was found a circular lamp with no handle, on the disc was a hare in flight shown in relief.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297, fig. 4, a.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 101.

 

The ashes were spread in the bottom of a rectangular pit, and protected with a double row of tiles forming a roof.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 102.

 

In tombs 102, 103, 118 and 119, the ashes were not collected in an urn, but were laid on the bare ground.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 103.

 

In tombs 102, 103, 118 and 119, the ashes were not collected in an urn, but were laid on the bare ground.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tombs 104a-c:

 

Monumental niche tomb covered inside and out in simple white stucco and facing south.

Three columellae corresponded to three burials underneath.

M. Epidius Antychus, Vibia Pelagia and Vibia Cronice.

On the back wall, above, drawn with charcoal was a gladiator in profile to right, armed with a sica (dagger), and accompanied by this inscription in large letters:

 

PA · · · VIVS · XIX · V

 

Further down, also drawn with charcoal, were two phalli, also accompanied by an inscription.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 104a: M. Epidius Antychus.

 

Burial of a freeborn person.

In the graves 13, 66, 104a, 108 and 109 the jars were in the subsoil covered with a solid masonry ballast, that guaranteed it permanently from the danger of possible dispersion, which could occur if a later deposit happened at that same point.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 104°: M. Epidio Antychi.

Columella with inscription.

 

M EPIDIO ANTYCHI

 

M(arco) Epidio Antychi

 

In NdS this is referred to as M. Epidio Antycho

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 301ff, t104a.

Photo © Umberto Soldovieri.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 104b: Vibia Pelagia.

 

Burial of a freeborn person.

Columella

 

VIBIA PELAGIA

VIXIT

ANNIS XXXX

 

Vibia Pelagia

vixit

annis XXXX

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 301ff, t104b.

 

According to Cooley this translates as

 

Vibia Pelagia, lived 40 years.

 

See Cooley, A. and M.G.L., 2004. Pompeii: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge. (p. 139, G3).

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 104c: Vibia Crocine

 

Burial of a freeborn person.

Columella

 

VIVIA CROCINE

VIXIT A LXXX

 

Vibia Crocine

vixit a(nnis) LXXX

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 301ff, t104c.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 106: Marco Epidio Thychni.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

The ashes were spread in the bottom of a rectangular pit and protected with a double row of tiles forming a roof.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 106: Marco Epidio Thychni.

Columella with inscription

 

M EPIDIO

THYCHNI

 

M(arco) Epidio

Thychni

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t106.

Photo © Umberto Soldovieri.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 107: Marcus Aemilius Milo.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 107: Marcus Aemilius Milo.

Columella with inscription

 

M AEMILIVS

MILO

 

M(arcus) Aemilius

milo

 

In NdS this is shown as M AEMILIO MILO.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t107.

Photo © Umberto Soldovieri.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 108: Epidia Lais.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

In the graves 13, 66, 104a, 108 and 109 the jars were in the subsoil covered with a solid masonry ballast, that guaranteed it permanently from the danger of possible dispersion, which could occur if a later deposit happened at that same point.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 108: Epidia Lais.

Columella with inscription

 

EPIDIA

LAIS

 

Epidia

Lais

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t108.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 109: Epidia Euodia.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

In the graves 13, 66, 104a, 108 and 109 the jars were in the subsoil covered with a solid masonry ballast, that guaranteed it permanently from the danger of possible dispersion, which could occur if a later deposit happened at that same point.

 

Columella with inscription

 

EPIDIA

EUODIA

VIX ANN XIIX

 

Epidia

Euodia

vix(it) ann(is) XIIX

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t109.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 110: Epidiae Veneriae.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 110: Epidiae Veneriae.

Columella with inscription

 

EPIDIAE

VENERIAE

 

Epidiae

Veneriae

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t110.

Photo © Umberto Soldovieri.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 111: Epidia Agate.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

The ashes were spread in the bottom of a rectangular pit and protected with a double row of tiles forming a roof.

Columella with inscription

 

EPIDIA

AGATE

 

Epidia

Agate

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t111.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 114: Primigenia.

 

Single burial. Burial of a slave.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 114: Primigenia.

Columella with inscription

 

PRIMIGENIA

VIX ANN XIIX

 

Primigenia

vix(it) ann(is) XIIX

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t114.

Photo © Umberto Soldovieri.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 116: Luci Livinei.

 

Single burial. Burial of a freeborn person.

Columella with inscription

 

L LIVINEI

DIXI [Di(ebus) XI?]

 

L(uci) Livinei

D IXI

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t116.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 117: Felicio.

 

Single burial. Columella with inscription

 

FELICIO VA

XXIIX

 

Felicio Va(lerio?)

XXIIX

 

Or

Felicio V(ixit) A(nnis?)

XXIIX

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t117.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 118: Gonus or Conus.

 

Single burial. Burial of a slave.

The ashes were not collected in an urn but were laid on the bare ground.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 297.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 118: Gonus or Conus.

Columella with inscription

 

GONUS VIX

ANNIS XXX

 

Conus vix(it)

annis XXX

 

or

Gonus vix(it)

annis XXX

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t118.

Photo © Umberto Soldovieri.

 

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Tomb 118: Gonus or Conus.

The tablet, consisting of a single plate, 0.08 m wide by 0.06m, was found buried next to the stele of Gonus.

Very few signs can be seen but among them it seemed clear to Della Corte there was the name CLAUDIA, to the detriment of whom the tablet was prepared

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 305-6, fig. 19.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Roman Tomb 119: Glypte.

 

Single burial. Burial of a slave.

Columella with inscription

 

GLYPTE

VIX A IIII

 

Glypte

Vix(it) A(nnis) IIII

 

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, 303, t119.

 

 

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Female columella of Vesuvian stone.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Female columella of Vesuvian stone.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 298, fig. 10.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Female columella of Vesuvian stone.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Female columella of Vesuvian stone.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 298, fig. 11.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Head, part of the remains of a feminine statue.

 

Pompeii Fondo Azzolini. Head, part of the remains of a feminine statue.

The head is part of the remains of a feminine statue of tufa, of which were found only a few scattered fragments.

See Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 1916, p. 300, fig. 13.